Advantages and Disadvantages of NGOs

Advantages and Disadvantages of NGOs ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION AS MAJOR POLITICAL ACTOR IN GLOBAL SOUTH â€Å"To invest a little time and genuine support with real-world exchanges of information  grounded in what truly interests those in your own world†. -Mitch Throwe NGO are tugboats in international channels â€Å"Development is the strategy of evasion. When you can’t give people land reform and  Given them hybrid cows. When you can’t send children to school, try non-formal education. Then you can’t provide basic health to people, talk of health insurance. Can’t give them jobs? Not to worry, just redefine the word employment opportunities. Don’t want to do away with  Using children as a form of slave labor? Never mind. Talk of â€Å"improving the conditions of child  Labor!† It sounds good. You can even make money out of it†. -Palagumi Sainath, Everybody Loves a Good Drought; Stories form India’s Poorest Districts,  (Penguin Books, 1996), p.42 -Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) NGO describe to a non-profit citizens, voluntary entity organized national or internationally. Thus, professional association, trade unions, foundations, religions organizations, women’s,  youth groups, cooperative associations, human right associations, and development also some  environmental protection groups, research institutes concerning with international affairs and associations dealing parliamentarians are considered NGOs. The south-based NGOs that provide services either to the rural poor or to basic level membership organizations and institutes and also with local branches of international NGOs that enjoy varying levels of autonomy. NGOs are therefore primitive from historical or formal and informal membership organizations such as framers’ associations. Even within this, there exists wide range of origins and philosophy. The majority of NGOs is miniature of major NGOs structures with minor lines of communications and is therefore capable of responding accessibility feasibility and rapidly to its client’s requirements. They are also predefined by a work ethic conductive to generating sustainable processes and impacts of development in various fields. NGOs also presence in remote locations, where it is difficult to keep government staff in post. Role of NGOs Limited technical capacities and relevant small resources bases may characterize some  of NGOs. NGOs sometimes may have limited strategic manner and weak linkage  with other players in development. NGOs may have limited managerial and  organizational capacities. In some countries, the relationship between NGOs and  government may involve political, legal, ideological, and administrative constraints. NGOs in international processes perform many functions like settings agendas,  Negotiation outcomes, conferring legitimacy and implementing solutions. Some of its major roles are as follows: Supporting aspects: Demonstration ad pilot projects: NGOs have the advantage of selection particular places for new projects and specify and as well as improved projects and also advancing the length of time which they will be maintaining those projects and tackle some shortcomings that government projects overcoming some of shortcoming that governments face in this manner. Faciliatiate communication: NGOs also can facilitate communication between people and government. Evalaution and Research: Improved and innovative activities need to be carefully documented and shared effectively and specifically monitoring would accessible for the sharing of final results with people and with the project staff. NGOs also play and important role in advocacy manner that it is implement the governmental programs from criticism to advisable form. NGOs also play an important rule nationally and internationally indeed have a typical rule in helping and encouragement for governments to taking the actions for which they have given endorsement internationally. As actors in an global civil society As actors in a global civil society, NGOs can help to recreate a countervailing force to the process that can excluded people by re-distributing assets and opportunities, injecting social values into market processes, and holding economic institutions to account for their actions. This represents the cutting edge and implementations of innovation of much NGO work today and also for the future. NGOs also represent issues and its own views in the dynamics of the developmental processes. The UN Secretary –General in 1995 said: â€Å"NGOs are a basic element in representation of new world. In all continents of world NGOs are spreading in number rapidly. And this is inseparable from the aspiration to freedom and democracy which today animates international society. From the standpoint opinion and the mobilizing powers of NGOs†. NGOs are also facing challenges to generate themselves to work in more global and strategic tracks in future. In a sense this is what NGOs are already doing by integrating micro level actions in their sense projects and advocacy activities in exact way. NGOs must create form of concrete innovations at is grass-level to connect with enforcement that can be easily influence the shape of poverty, violence and many other exclusionary violent behaviors and also capture the world of knowledge. Role of NGOs in development cooperation The basics of non-governmental organizations remain the same: to provide basic services to those who need them. Many NGOs have demolished their ability to reach poor locality for working in an accessible areas and innovate areas or in other hand achieve things better than by official organizations and agencies. Many non-governmental organizations have an ability to reach poor people, work in inaccessible areas, innovate, or in other ways achieve things better than by official agencies. Many non-governmental organizations have closest linkage with poor group of people. Non-governmental organizations resources are largely additional; they complement the development effort of others, and they can help to make the development process more feasible, translucent, transparent, participatory and accountable. Non-governmental organizations not only â€Å"fill the gaps â€Å"but they also act as a response to failures in the public and private sectors in providing basics services. Relationship of NGOs A healthy relationship is only conceivable when both parties (government and Non-governmental organizations) share same objectives. If the governmental commitment to innovating the provision of turban services is weak or low level, Non-governmental organizations will always find dialogue and correlation or even counterproductive. When government has social agenda and where Non-governmental organizations are more effective, than there is the potential for strong, collaborative relationship found in both of them. However, the mutual distinct jealousy also appears to be deep-rooted.Governemts fear that NGOs threaten national security and can erode their power. And Non-governmental organizations mistrust over the motivation scenarios of officials and also of government. Though many of the strategic Non-governmental organizations are overcoming their inhibitions and are seeking closer collaboration with governments. To support these roles and relationships, Non-governmental organizations will need to develop a range of new and improve skills and competitive in learning, mediation dialogue bridging, maintaining and influencing. Now focus of Non-governmental organizations is on narrow management issues acquiring skills valued by donors, and formal or traditional concepts of lobbying, need to be replaced by capacities wide range and include the ability to listen, learn and team work at both locally and also globally. The balance of power Non-governmental organizations in world is very hard to shift as we found and organizing this conference. Non-governmental organizations paly high level legitimacy and accountability to mount, fatally undermining the credibility that NGOs will need if they are to play in global debates. Modifications and Sustainability Most Non-governmental organizations shows themselves as catalyst for change and as well as an actor affected by exclusive changes, such as the capacity development. In terms of type of activities andabout the receiver of Non-governmental organizations efforts. Whereas the object of capacity development efforts by Non-governmental organizations formally orusually has been civil society itself through a focus on the community. For change, action and intervention need to change. According to one author, capacity development hints radical changes in Non-governmental organizations action, leading to a significantly reduced role in problem identification, design and use of interventions and greater focus on help (in doing something), strategic inputs and supporting processes aimed at strengthening developing country capacity. Functionally, this means a move away forming projects to investments in developing country program and less reliance ontechnical assistance(Gordjin, 2006: 14 ). Equally, Uvin at al. suggest that Non-governmental organizations canreadjustand expand their action by using their knowledge through activities such as training, informat ion sharing,company that helps business and advice in order to promote changes in other institutions whocorrect (should) include (s) the provisions of such support services, that is, government (2000: 1414-1417). Criticism /Disadvantages of Non-governmental organizations There has additionally been reproval on how Non-governmental organizations have utilized their funding and other monies received or raised. There is additionally disparity between Non-governmental organizations in the north and Non-governmental organizations in the south between their viewpoints and conceptions in which to implement programs in cognation to development and human rights discretely. By endeavoring to amalgamate these two discourses across the globe can engender quandaries of fragmentation of conceptions and programs. If fragmentation were to occur it would be the antithesis intention of Non-governmental organizations that were endeavoring to cumulate human rights and development into kindred programs. Issa G. Shivii is one of Africa’s leading experts on law and development issues as an author and academics. His critique on Non-governmental organizations is found in two essays. â€Å"Silence in Non-governmental organizations discourse: The role and future of Non-governmental organizations in Africa Another reprove of Non-governmental organizations is that they are being designed and utilized as extensions of the mundane foreign policy instruments of certain Western countries and groups of countries. There has withal been inundating disaster of Non-governmental organizations utilizing while lies or misinformed advice to enact their campaigns. In other words, Non-governmental organizations have been quite nescient about critical issues because, as chief scientist at Greenpeace Doug Parr claims, these organizations have lost their efforts in being authentically scientific and are now more self-intrigued. Rather than through science so as to be rationally and efficaciously practical, Non-governmental organizations are now abusing the utilizations of science in order to gain their own advantages. Human Rights and Non-Governmental Organizations: (Some Channels for Non-governmental organizations Participation in international organizations) Some of the Case studies are as following: Non-governmental organizations representatives can be on a national delegation to an international conference to advice delegates from their government (Cairo Population Conference in 1994); Representatives from Non-governmental organizations can be included on a national delegation to an international conference to represent the NGO and conduct negotiations (International Labor Organization); NGOs can send delegates to semi-public international conferences (IUCN has a membership that includes 699 BGOs as well as states and government agencies); An international organization can set up an advisory group that includes experts from NGOs, who do not represent the Non-governmental organizations (UN Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters); An international organization can give Non-governmental organizations an opportunity to participate (not necessarily in a negotiating role) in an official conference to draft a teat (ECOSOC); An international organization can give NGOs an opportunity to participate in preparatory committees for an international conference (Rio earth summit in 1992, Johannesburg summit on sustainable development in 2002); An international organization can hold a special session to give Non-governmental organizations an opportunity to make presentations (General Assembly on sub-Saharan Africa in 1986); It’s also cover some main areas i.e. Women’s economic empowerment, in achievement gender equality. Organizational Implication: Some implications are as follows in the aspect of Non-governmental organizations field: How to create and move genuinely inclusively civil society at every level of world system. How to hold other organizations accountable for their actions and ensure that they respond to social and as well as environmental requirements? How to insure and improve that international regimes are both implemented effectively and work for the benefit of needy people and also for poor communities? How to approve that profit made at global field are translated into concentrate benefit at the base roots. The above challenges raise major questions about how Non-governmental organizations organize and improve themselves to work in more and more global aspects worldwide and also some improvement in the way for future. Conclusions NGOs play an increasingly important role in the development. Non-governmental organizations can bridge the gap between government and community. Community based organizations are essential in organizing poor people, taking major action and representing the interests of their members in dialogue between Non-governmental organizations and government. On the other hand, Non-governmental organizations are better at facial thing and supply the inputs into monumental and management, also mediating between people and the wide political party, internetworking information and policy reform. By enabling framework of laws, economic and political methods and conditions the State can play and perform a fundamental role in helping Non-governmental organizations and as well as for CBOs. Non-governmental organizations may have limited organizational and managerial capacities. In some of the countries, the relationship between NGOs and government may involve legal, administrative and some political entities. Sometimes questions arise concerning the motivations objectives of Non-governmental organizations, and the degree of flexibility NGOs accept for the it’s final impact of policies and also positions they advocate. The variety of activities in which Non-governmental organizations participate has increasing rapidly since the 1980s, witnessing particular expansion in the 1990s.This has been presented Non-governmental organizations, specifically those that operate at pressure of centralization and decentralization. By centralization Non-governmental organizations, particularly those that operate at international level, they can easily assign a common theme or set of goals. Intervarsity it is also advantageous to decentralize as these increases the chances of an Non-governmental organizations behaving flexibility and effectively to localized issues. The strength of Non-governmental organizations , operating at the field level, it’s their ability to create close links to local communities, and to engender community ownership and participation in improvement at developmental effort. References: 1-Source: Charnovitz, Steve. 1997. â€Å"Two Centuries of Participation: Non-governmental organizations and international† Michigan Journal of International Law18 (2): 281-282 2-Role of Non-governmental Organizations in development cooperation Research paper, UNDP/Yale Collaborated Programme, 1999 research Clinic, New Haven 1999: Olena P. Maslyukivska 3-NGO funding Policy: INTERACT-NGO Research Programme, 2001 4-Aid, NGO and Civil Society: Eldis, 2003 5-Edwards, M. (1997) Organizational learning in NGOs: what have we learned? Public administration and development 17 (2), 235-50. 6-World Bank (1991 1b), Trends in developing countries 1991. Washington, DC: World Bank. 7- Palagumi Sainath, Everybody Loves a Good Drought; Stories form India’s Poorest Districts, (Penguin Books, 1996), p.42

Playing Sports Essay

Ever since I started playing tennis, I noticed that I have been less aggravated and also a feeling of â€Å"calm† after each game. Whatever was bothering me that day becomes a faint memory. Have you been looking for a way to relieve stress, get some exercise, and make some new friends? Then try playing a sport. It does not matter if you are a child or an adult. Becoming involved in sports is an excellent way to stay fit and relieve stress. You can get out and have some fun while getting healthy. It also can be a way to bring your family together. Playing sports together and being health together. Playing sports can be beneficial for your mental and physical health. Playing some sports can be fun and help support your physical and mental health. Participating in most sports can help reduce stress, promote physical and mental health, and encourages social skills. Involving yourself in a sport strengthens your heart and all your other muscles while having lots of fun. First, let’s talk about how a person can reduce stress by playing a sport. No one has to tell you how stressful day to day life is. Stress is a major health concern to everyone. Every day people in the world battle with stress and look for ways to relieve it. Being active in a sport is one of the ways to reduce stress. According to the Mayo Clinic, â€Å"one way to take control of the stress in your life is through physical activity. Being active can boost your feel-good endorphins and distract you from daily worries. † While playing sports, a person can focus on the game being played and not on their worries. Getting into the game and taking out your frustrations on the game can also manage stress. I personally know from experience that stress can be relieved through exercise. I exercise 4 to 5 times a week. I feel great before and after the workout. Exercising just makes you feel good about yourself! Playing sports sometimes changes your mood and puts the focus on the game. Physical activity helps to bump up the production of your brain’s feel-good neurotransmitters, called endorphins. (Mayo Clinic)The physical activity of sports can reduce tension and help the player relax and get in a better mood. Playing a simple game like ping pong can get your mind off of what’s stressing you. Next, physical and mental health can be maintained through playing sports. Playing sports can provide a form of exercise. Depending on the exercise what kind of benefit your body receives. Exercise through sports can improve your heart health. When playing sports, your body receives exercise needed to build endurance and strength. (Isports2012) Staying active helps keep health problems away from your body. Playing sports can also help maintain weight, strength, and increase stamina. (Manali Oak2012)Sports like soccer are good for your heart and improve body tone. When playing a game like basketball, dribbling, changing direction quickly and passing are performed at different rates of speed which can improve some one’s body coordination, agility and balance. Kicking the ball and receiving the pass from someone improves your hand to eye coordination. According to the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace states that young people can benefit from physical activity as it contributes to developing healthy bones, efficient heart and lung function as well as improved motor skills and cognitive function. Mental health can also be helped through playing sports. It encourages you to be your best, help with concentration, build confidence, and build leadership skills. Playing sports can help a person deal with loss and disappointment. Sports also help boost self –esteem. (Rachel Nelson2011) Also playing a sport can produce many opportunities to increase your confidence and self-esteem, and help to reduce anxiety. Playing sports can also reduce depression. When becoming active in sports, a person has to focus on the game and does not have time to think or worry about outside issues. All of the person’s energy is focused on the game. According to Vanderbelt, â€Å"In a study by DiLorenzo, Bargman, Stucky-Ropp, Brassington, Frensch, and LaFontaine (1999), the conclusions showed that exercise helped with depression both short-term and long-term. The experiment took 111 adults randomly assigned them to two groups. One group was to use bicycle ergometry twenty-four minutes a session, four times a week for twelve weeks. The other group was to do the same exercise but forty-eight minutes a session, four times a week for twelve weeks. By the end of the twelve weeks, DiLorenzo et al. were able to conclude that not only were physiological benefits occurred, such as a stronger heart, but also psychological improvements were made, specifically with depression. The long-term effects of this experiment showed an overall improvement both physically and mentally which was still present a year after the experiment had occurred. It is important to note that in most experiments the findings suggest that exercise helps minimize one’s depressions but there is little scientific evidence stating that exercise can prevent depression. † Sports also play a positive role in emotional health, and helps build social connections, often having opportunities for fun and self-expression. Sports teach you to interact with people, communicate with them and work together as a team. Playing sports can be beneficial to learning social skills. When participating in a sport, working as a team, helping each other out, having good times and the bad times are ways people learn how to support and help others through sports. It helps maintain focus on team goals, instead of personal goals. Building a great team and having fun at the same time is a great reason to play a sport. Sports can improve social skills in adults through leadership and making and keeping new friends. Being a captain on a team or the coach can help with leadership skills. Team mates can become friends. Improving social skills in children can be a task. With sports, it can become a little easier. Playing sports improve teamwork, which can help children learn to work better with one another. While playing sports, people learn what is best for the group instead of just for themselves, and they learn to be friends with people from other backgrounds. When participating in a sport, teammates can be from different races, have different personalities, religions, and sometime genders. Interaction with different teammates can result in lasting bonds. Eventually, a person can move forward and accept a person who may not look or act the same as themselves and treat other teammates as equals. Participating in sports helps adults and youth with the excitement of winning and the bittersweet feeling of defeat. When a team loses a game, a player can have some ill feelings, including disappointment, frustration and anger. Sports allow adults and youth to better handle non positive feelings. After learning how to manage some of these emotions, players can use the same skills learned in sports in apply them to other situations in their life. Also confidence can be improved in adults and children through playing sports. Winning a game is an example of how sports can increase confidence. Playing a sport helps a person feel like they are a part of something. That alone can help motivate and help boost some ones confidence. Being a part of something or a team can boost the confidence in anyone. As you have read, playing sports can increase your overall physical and mental health. Playing sports increases your health, while having fun, being active, and making new friends. Just a few hours a week can be beneficial to your health. There are many types of sports to play that will offer health benefits. People, who have not been active in a while, should contact their doctor first, before participating in high impact sports. You can hurt your body when you just jump right into a high pact exercise. It does not matter if it is tennis, football, or soccer. Being active in sports helps your body. Playing sports affect your health long term when you stay active. Sports help keep your heart and mind healthy. Overall, sports help personal abilities, general health and self-knowledge. Getting out at least 3 days out of the week to play a sport is a reasonable way to stay active through sports. You can contact your local sports club, recreational center, or YMCA for information on playing sports, joining a team, and the benefits that they offer. Everyone needs to relieve some type of stress or be in better shape. Why not pick up a sport and have fun doing both! References 1. http://www. sportanddev. org/en/learnmore/sport_and_health/the_health_benefits_of_sport_and_physical_activity/ 2. http://www. onlymyhealth. com/health-benefits-playing-sports-1290074521 3. http://www. acefitness. org/blog/412/americans-coping-with-stress-anxiety-find-relief, Americans Coping with Stress & Anxiety Find Relief with Exercise, Posted September 12, 12:00AM in ACE Press Releases 4. KOLATA,G. ( 2008, March 27). Personal Best, Yes, Running Can Make You High, The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com 5. DiLorenzo, T. M. , Bargman, E. P. , Stucky-Ropp, R. , Brassington, G. S. , Frensch, P. A. ,& LaFontaine, T. (1999). Long term effects of aerobic exercise on psychological outcomes. Prev Med, 28 (1), 75-85. 6. http://www. un. org/wcm/content/site/sport/home/unplayers/coordinationmechanisms/interagencytaskforce 7. http://www. djlah. net 8. http://healthpsych. psy. vanderbilt. edu.

Sony-Ericsson Case

The reasons for this are of course numerous. One of the reasons was that both companies only had a minor market share, Ericson 10% and Sony 1,5% of the world market, whereas as the leader Nooks had 30,6%. This giving Nooks a huge advantage in existing customers as well as strong brand awareness. Another main reason for the fusion of both the mobile departments of the company was that both had problems in managing their departments. Sony had so many different sectors it was in that mobile was Just one more and was ;t paid enough attention.Ericson had the technology to be a leader, but they were always criticized for only being a group of engineers, developing good products, but not paying as much attention to customers desires as Nooks did. Therefore being significantly less successful than their Finnish rival. Both companies needed to restructure their efforts in the mobile development and that Is why it made sense for them both to start this partnership. Ericson would provide people and their expertise In telecommunications and Sony it ‘s expertise In consumer electronics products as well as $500 million.Both were able to cut costs significantly and still able to become a global player on this prosperous market In the future. 2) What was needed to succeed in this market? The main attributes that were needed to succeed in the market was the knowledge to develop in the direction of the technology that would be used in the future, as well as knowing and offering your customers what they were looking for. In fact one can say that Nooks did everything one needed to do to succeed. They listen to what their clients where looking/expecting from their mobile phones, and built a product portfolio accordingly.Due to this approach they were able to offer a specific product to every customer profile they had. Concerning technology they also did good work being the clear leaders In the 26 markets, which gave them a age head start. The management also did an excellent work, having a better-cost extra effort on not becoming a huge corporation with 100,000 employees, staying rather small gave them the advantage that decision could be taken quickly and that changes and adoptions to the products were able to be done immediately. ) Compare Ionians and Sony Ericson Mobile Communication's situations (activities, competences, finances) SEEM had a clear goal, which was to become the global number one player for multimedia products. This was supposed to be achieved by combining their forces in R&D, marketing, sales, distribution and customer services. The Joint force should give them the resources to overcome their seemingly untouchable competitor Nooks. The soft activities they were planning and adapting were: being responsive to the market, analyzing the behavior of the consumers and of their competitors.Nooks on the other hand wanted to keep their activities in the mobile sector at the same high level they had been over the sass's, strengthening their p osition in the market today and constantly investing in R. Even increasing the percentage of net sales being reinvested to R, which were around 8,9% in the late sass's, the goal being to maintain the strong market position for the 36 generation phones. From a financial point of view, we can only compare the individual financial statements of Ericson, Sony and Nooks from the appendix of the case.In a first look at the data available we can deduct that the financial situation of Nooks is clearly the most advantageous one. To be able to analyses financial statements that are comparable, I will only look at the ones of Nooks and Ericson. The Sony Corporation has so many different activities going on that from this financial statement I can't detect which revenues are from the mobile industry. The only observations I would like to mention about the company is that their revenue has been increasing over the years, but net income has been decreasing.This showing that in the core business w e are talking about Nooks has made the biggest step by increasing net sales in this sector by offer having a 80% growth per year between 1998 and 2000. These numbers are also reflected in the market share Nooks has on the world mobile market. 4) What are the potential risks for this alliance? The risks for this alliance are of course numerous. First of all Sony Ericson has to find a proper way to communicate to the public/customers why they have merged heir mobile departments and explain what profits this results in for them in the tend to which to other brands.This is the main risk, that they have to manage, which has to be dealt with proper attention and experienced marketing experts, so that a clear message is sent out to the public and current/future customers. Another potential risk is the management that consists of managers from both Ericson and Sony. It provides conflict potential when two corporate cultures clash. Managers from both sides are used to doing business their wa y but now they have to adapt to the managing methods of one another.This might make it difficult to find a common strategy, with which they want to market their brand. The responsibilities and decision fields have to be clearly defined to avoid these kinds of occurrences as good as possible. A further threat would be that both sides could quickly get frustrated if results are not as good or worse than expected. This could lead to one accusing the other of bad management, insufficient research and so on, resulting in a bad atmosphere in the company. This would further complicate the merger and might even lead to the decision to go separate ways again.

The Irish Potato Famine and The Holocaust in Literature...

The Irish Potato Famine and The Holocaust in Literature Writers often use literature as a means of communicating traumatic events that occur in history, and such events are recorded by first-hand accounts as well as remembered by people far removed from the situation. Two traumatic events in history that are readily found in literature are The Irish Potato Famine and The Holocaust. A literary medium that has been used quite poignantly to convey trauma is poetry and the poetry from these two historical traumatic events is not difficult to find. Some wrote poetry to maintain their sanity as they experienced the traumatic event while others wrote after-the-fact as an outlet for emotional pain. Some wrote in remembrance of what they†¦show more content†¦The author also benefits from writing about the trauma; a need to express what has happened, is quenched. It is shown that the â€Å"literature of trauma is written from the need to tell and retell the story of the traumatic experience, to make it ‘real’ both to the victim and to the community†¦[as well as] serving both as a validation and cathartic vehicle for the traumatized author† (Tal 21). The story is larger than the words of the author. His or her life has been permanently altered by trauma, and by acknowledging it in the realm of reality, readers can take part in the trauma. In both of the historical events above, a great many people faced trauma, pain, starvation, disease, and all for a reason that is difficult, if not impossible to pinpoint. There is no way to determine why either situation occurred in history, but it is possible to examine the literature—more specifically the poetry—written during, after, and about those surreal events. Kali Tal has researched the literature of trauma extensively and states that the â€Å"literature of trauma is defined by the identity of its author [and it] holds at its center the reconstruction and recuperation of the traumatic experience† (16). She believes that a

Analysis Of The Right To Ones Body By Margaret Sanger

Jake Siford History 1152 Professor Graves 4 November 2017 Primary Source Review #3 Margret Sanger, writer of the essay â€Å"The Right to One’s Body† will be the author for this primary review. Sanger, as described by biography.com, was â€Å"†¦ an early feminist and women’s rights activist who coined the term ‘birth control’ and worked towards its legalization† (â€Å"Margaret Sanger†). Margret was also responsible for the creation of the first planned parenthood center, and later was a founding member of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. Margret most notably belonged to the birth control movement, as she was a nurse working with women who were directly affected by the lack of child care options at the time. She continued her activism as†¦show more content†¦As described in the article, Sanger writes â€Å"No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body† (â€Å"The Right to One’s Body†). This idea was the central focus for Sanger, and the birth control movement. They believed women should have the right to their own bodies and should do with it as they please. Sanger then goes on to explain why she believes birth control is the best option to give women control of their bodies. Sanger writes that without access to birth control, â€Å"†¦she is still in a position to be enslaved through her reproductive powers† (â€Å"The Right to One’s Body†). This statement further supports the fact that without access to birth control, women are not completely free and control of themselves. To wrap up her argument, Sanger makes the statement â€Å"†¦ she will never receive her freedom until she takes it for herself† (â€Å"The Right to One’s Body†). In summary, Sanger believes that women should have the right to their own body, and without that right they will always be controlled by men. Next, I would like to discuss the bias and opposition to her essay. The bias in this article is easy to see, as Sanger wants men to not have a say in this matter. In the essay, she writes that motherhood should only concern women, not men. This idea is irresponsible, as being a mother is a part of the family system, which involves men. This idea is strung across the whole article, and shows that she only see’s one side of the relationship, ratherShow MoreRelatedAbortion Is A Religious Issue1931 Words   |  8 Pagesso the responsibility lies with the women carrying it, to provide it with a decent life. If for whatever reason the baby is not welcome, the woman has the right to terminate the pregnancy. As Margaret Sanger said â€Å"No women can call herself free who does not own and control her own body.† If abortion is wrong because it is taking a human right, what about legislators who pass anti abortion laws but support the death penalty? Are they no longer human because they’ve committed murder? What about childRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMichael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical

Effects Of Online Shopping For Brick And Mortar Stores

The Effects of Online Shopping for Brick-and-Mortar Stores Retail businesses and other small businesses have seen a huge drop in sales due to the convenience and simplicity of shopping online when and where the customer wants too. According to Market Line’s 2015 Industry Profile, Table 4 and Figure 4 show the expected percent of the retail sector value to grow 10.5% by the year 2019 and to reach a projection of 574.5 million dollars. (Market Line) The retail businesses and other small businesses see less shopping traffic and therefore have slower days especially during times such as Christmas. Many people question if whether they should face the hassle of fighting others for items when it’s already in the convenience of their hands. Many online stores offer phone applications linked to their stores for both Apple and Android users that allow the customers to purchase an item with the click of a button. As technology continues to improve, so will the online shopping industry. Convenience has been the deciding factor for the survival of online retail for the past couple of years. Whether it is the convenience of time or just simply having the luxury of items being shipped to any location, online shopping has become very popular. In Computer Weekly’s article â€Å"Are Bricks-and-Mortar stores the Next Step for Online Retail?† Clare McDonald discusses the future of online retail and the future for retail and small businesses. Agreeing with Miya Knights an IDC analyst,Show MoreRelatedThe Digital Revolution Is Responsible For The Largest Societal Shift Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesopportunities to innovate through the embracing of e-tailing have meant that retail stores are no longer geographically limited, but the rise of e-tailing provides it’s own set of unique challenges to bricks and mortar retailing. 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Audit Theory and Practice in Businessâ€Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About the Audit Theory and Practice in Business? Answer: Introducation It is embedded that if a business is being conducted risk is going to follow. However, chances of inherent risk are quite high with the existence of the business. Though various audit procedures are being undertaken, audit training are being conducted, internal control functions are being implemented inspite of all the above measures, the inherent risks cannot be detected. Though these risks cannot be escaped completely although mitigation from these risks are quite obvious. OneTel is a telecommunication company with its business having a global presence. The company has a huge market presence in Australia. It provides a variety of integrated services as well as products to its customers. The main business of the company is into innovation and technology. Although there are more than 35 network providers in the telecommunication industry in Australia and are competing with each other, still OneTel was the leading market player initially. Due to the smaller companies entering the telecommunication industry the customers got benefitted from this. The call rates and the other communication services got cheaper and competitive prices started ruling the industry. Also the various telephonic services i.e. international calls and the long distance calls got cheaper. Although OneTel was leading in the market and had the major stake in the industry although with the introduction of smaller companies there was a decline in the market share of the company (Cook, 20 01). Let us discuss the various factors which ultimately led to the inherent risk assessment at the financial reporting level of the company: The cash flow of the company clearly shows the movement of the funds of the company wherein special care needs to be undertaken by the management. The cash flow and the financials is showing that the company has taken multiple short term, medium term and long term loans during the year. However if there are huge chances of fraud, misstatements and mistakes which could have been avoided had there been control risk measurement measures (Douglas et. al, 2015). The issue of shares also requires effective inherent risk assessment procedures. Also when it comes to valuation of intangible assets the management should make sure that the valuation is done fairly. Some risk mitigation measurements should be undertaken so that no inherent risk could be detected (Cook, 2001). The cash flow statement of the company was also showing that the company has purchased its license in the year 2000. For a telecommunication company, the major financial planning is required in the purchase, registration, m aintenance, capitalization and amortization of the accounts after the purchase of the license. A high-level assessment of inherent risks is required (Cook, 2001). The financials of the company was showing that there was an increase in the amount of plant and machinery which apparently was evidencing that there was a purchase of the plant and machinery. Purchase of the plant and machinery involves huge finances hence the top level management of the company is only involved in taking decisions relating to purchasing of plant and machinery. Inherent risk assessment procedures should be in place as the decision involves various aspects of the purchase as to from where it should be purchased, how it should be purchased, how the requirements would be fulfilled after the purchase of the assets, how the finances will be managed relating to the purchase of the assets. The abnormal items in the financials such as accumulated losses should be dealt with the utmost care. As huge inherent risk assessments are involved hence the management must intervene in decisions relating to computation, maintenance and writing off the accumulated losses from the books of accounts (Gilbert Terry 2005). The most complex job of any organization is when the company is running on the funds funded by the investors i.e. when the company has the funds of the shareholders. The financials of the company is reflecting that the company has raised funds by issuing its shares as the share position of the company was 6 million $ in 1999 and it has reached to 1225.6 million $ in 2000 (Cook, 2001). Though the shares were dematerialized still inherent risk assessment is required in the process of issue of shares, allotment of shares etc. The risks associated with the going concern principle of the business are basically termed as a strategic risk. These are the risks which arise due to the wrong decisions are taken by the topmost level of management. Hence it requires continuous and long-term effort of the management to continuously review the same (Wood, 2011). Whenever the management might not be able to impose the necessary plans and actions or whenever an incorrect decision might have been taken by the management, there arise a high chance of the existence of strategic risk. All planning risks are identified as strategic risks (Monem, 2009). As mentioned above, purchase of rights and licenses, issues of shares are all identified at strategic risk assessment level only. As every management decision follows a top-down approach, the risk assessment also follows the top-down approach. Strategic risks are recognized at the management level, however, inherent and control risks are recognized at the individual transacti on level. It is all on us to judge the level of inherent risk. An individuals judgment is always associated with the measure of risk. A system always contains inherent risk irrespective of the risk management strategy. One can overcome detection risk and control but its the inherent risk that requires farsightedness and judgment of the management. However, there are various factors on which the impact of inherent entirely depends. The various factors are as under: increased inherent risks are favoured by related party transactions. Managements obvious emotional bias towards the transaction is a cause of it. So, a related party transaction poses as another fair factor which results in an increase in the inherent risks of an organization. Potential debt covenant also adds to inherent risks. In the given case itself, it is seen that OneTel takes huge loans and all loans come with covenants. Moreover, serious consequences follow violations of corporate debt covenants. The company has made losses. Following other covenants, repayment of loans and its interest is not a surprisingly easy talk. The risk of management override exists (Monem, 2009). Detection and removal of the risk become a struggling issue if the management tries to overplay. A strong audit team leads to a reduction in risks. On talking about the company as well as its transactions, the incompetence of the audit personal causing inherent risks is missed (Geoffrey et. al, 2016). Inhere nt risks are always posed by an incompetent audit team. The demand for training, expertise, and knowledge of audit personnel is a must to mitigate and detect risks. An increase in inherent risks is favored by abnormal events, transactions, or any non-routine activity. Transactions involving ideas and estimates related to management are prone to inherent risks due to situations subjectivity. Speculations and adjustments are invited by abnormal activities which in turn increases the chances of inherent risks. Fair value determination, computation of estimates, etc. pose the inherent risk (Cappelleto, 2010). Management and measurement of transactions and events require estimates and idea of the management that may or may not always hold good for the business. A risk always sustains. Depending on the nature of the business, the large network of companies is the major and the most obvious factor that leads to the increase in inherent risk. Chances of risk increase with a wider network and large the number of companies in it. What contributes to the increase of the inherent risk are: existence of large number of companies as subsidiaries, holdings, associates, partnerships and joint ventures (Cappelleto, 2010). There can be more entities the company has to manage off balance sheet as well. With the growth of managements complexity the ability of the management to negate inherent risks reduce. Going-concern principle is the most important aspect of any organization. Hence for each company the directors and the auditors while defining the audit process must discuss and find out any opportunity which seems to affect the going concern principle as soon as possible. There are various factors which can create a set back to the going concern principle of an organization. Although the unexpected economic crisis is not in the hands of the management, however, the management should make sure that controlled decisions must be taken to avoid any such crisis (Matthew, 2015). The few factors identified are symptoms evidencing withdrawal of credit support, major failure of debt repayment, loss or withdrawal of key management personnel and that too without replacement, year on year losses being faced by the company, non-fulfillment of creditors covenants, continuous erosion of the companys assets, consecutive losses and companys inability to face competition. The factors as mentioned abo ve leads to the erosion of the reputation, huge losses of the finance thereby eroding the financial position of the company and also affecting the going concern assumption of the company (Vause, 2009). While some factors can be controlled by the company but there are few factors which cannot be controlled by the company. In order to avert the situation wherein the going concern principle of the company can be hampered, the management should take a special interest in ensuring that such errors must be avoided. Few examples wherein the situations are beyond the control of the management area change of the trend ruling the market thereby the company not being able to cope with the sudden change hence leading to failure of the entity in the market, natural calamities, etc (Wood, 2011). Going-concern principle is the most important aspect of any organization. Hence for each company the directors and the auditors while defining the audit process must discuss and find out any opportunity w hich seems to affect the going concern principle as soon as possible (Goodstein, 2011). There are various factors which can create a set back to the going concern principle of an organization. Although the unexpected economic crisis is not in the hands of the management, however, the management should make sure that controlled decisions must be taken to avoid any such crisis. The few factors identified are symptoms evidencing withdrawal of credit support, major failure of debt repayment, loss or withdrawal of key management personnel and that too without replacement, year on year losses being faced by the company, non-fulfillment of creditors covenants, continuous erosion of the companys assets, consecutive losses and companys inability to face competition (Elder et. al, 2010). The factors as mentioned above leads to the erosion of the reputation, huge losses of the finance thereby eroding the financial position of the company and also affecting the going concern assumption of the c ompany. While some factors can be controlled by the company but there are few factors which cannot be controlled by the company (Black, 2010). Analysis The risks associated with the going concern principle of the business are basically termed as strategic risk. These are the risks which arise due to the wrong decisions taken by the topmost level of management. Hence it requires continuous and long term effort of the management to continuously review the same. Whenever the management might not be able to impose the necessary plans and actions or whenever an incorrect decision might have been taken by the management, there arise a high chance of the existence of strategic riskThe management of the company should set various parameters through which it can measure its own capability to change with the sudden change and adapt itself to the market conditions. Hence the companies should set an indicator of low, medium or high and also how fast the action needs to be taken. All these safeguards would necessarily help the business to have a look at a broader picture and to take a better action. The management of the company should set vario us parameters through which it can measure its own capability to change with the sudden change and adapt itself to the market conditions. Hence the companies should set an indicator of low, medium or high and also how fast the action needs to be taken. All these safeguards would necessarily help the business to have a look at a broader picture and to take a better action. References Black, W. K 2010, Epidemics of Control Fraud lead to Recurrent, Intensifying Bubbles and Crises, Working paper, University of Missouri-Kansas City. Cappelleto, G. 2010, Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia, AFAANZ, Cook, T 2001, Collapse of Australia's fourth largest telco adds to growing list of corporate failures viewed 15 May 2017 https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2001/06/onte-j08.html Douglas M.B, Todd, D.F Hermanson, D.R 2015, The Effects of Internal Audit Report Type and Reporting Relationship on Internal Auditors' Risk, Judgments Accounting Horizons vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 695-718. Elder, J. R, Beasley S. M. Arens A. A 2010, Auditing and Assurance Services, Person Education, New Jersey: USA Geoffrey D. B,Joleen K,K. Kelli SDavid A. W 2016, Attracting Applicants for In-House and Outsourced Internal Audit Positions: Views from External Auditors, Accounting Horizons, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 143-156. Gilbert, W. J Terry J. E 2005, The Use of Control Self-Assessment by Independent Auditors, The CPA Journal, vol. 3, pp. 66-92 Goodstein, E 2011, Ethics and Economics, Economics and the Environment, Wiley Matthew S. E 2015, Does Internal Audit Function Quality Deter Management Misconduct?, The Accounting Review, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 495-527 Monem, R 2009, The Life and Death of OneTel, Griffith University. Vause, B 2009, Guide to Analysing Companies, Bloomberg Press Wood, D A 2011,The Effect of Using the Internal Audit Function as a Management Training Ground on the External Auditor's Reliance Decision, The Accounting Review, vol. 86. No. 6